工作內容
軟件開發師(Software Developers)是電腦程序的創意之源,分系統軟件開發師和應用軟件開發師兩種。前者主導設計計算機操作系統和網絡驅動系統,或一些應用設備(不僅僅只限于計算機)的驅動程序及操作程序等,如Windows系列、Linux系列、汽車電子控制程序等;后者主導設計計算機的應用軟件,如Word、CAD工具、photoshop等。*(7)
工作職責:
- 分析用戶需求,然后設計、測試及開放符合需求的軟件;
- 研究客戶現有的程序或軟件系統,給出改進方案;
- 設計應用程序或系統程序的每一個部分,并將其組織綜合;
- 畫出程序流程圖或其它原型圖,指導程序代碼的編寫;
- 通過測試和修改,確保軟件功能的正常與穩定;
- 整理軟件開發中所涉及的所有技術文檔,以備將來之需——如軟件更新或維護等;
- 與其它計算機專家合作,開發最好軟件。
軟件開發師主要就職于IT行業、計算機及電子產品制造業,此外金融業以及部分技術咨詢公司也經常會雇傭軟件開發師。軟件開發師的工作崗位數非常龐大,2012年該職業從業人人口共978,040人,比程序員從業人口數的3倍還多。軟件開發師主要在辦公室工作,加班情況較為常見,約四分之一的軟件開發師經常加班(美國勞工統計局2010年公布的數據)。根據USNEWS的調查,軟件開發師的升職機會及職場壓力均為中等,工作靈活性較大。*(1)(7)
入行門檻
軟件開發師通常至少要求具有學士以上學位,計算機科學專業或軟件工程專業畢業。盡管軟件工程師工作的第一職責并非編寫程序代碼,但一般用人單位均要求軟件開發師有非常強大的程序編寫能力。此外,就職于不同行業的軟件開發師,還需對相關行業有一定的了解,如就職于金融行業為金融公司開發軟件的軟件開發師就必須對金融行業有相當程度的了解。*(9)
在美國,軟件開發師一般沒有與之相對應的官方資格認證或證書,但一些大型的IT公司,如微軟、SUN有類似相關的證書或考試。在中國,中國工業與信息化部教育與考試中心設置的計算機技術與軟件專業技術資格(水平)考試中級資格考試,包含有“軟件設計師”一項考試,可以算作與軟件開發師職業相近的計算機等級考試。*(6)
品質與技能
軟件開發師的重要品質與技能:
- 專注(Concentration)
- 創新能力(Creativity)
- 客戶服務技巧(Customer-service skills)
- 注重細節(Detail oriented)
- 領導力(Leadership skills)
- 解決問題能力(Problem-solving skills)
- 團隊精神(Teamwork)
- 技術能力(Technical skills) *(9)
就業展望與薪資
軟件開發師的薪水較高,以美國為例,按美國勞工統計局2015年5月公布的數據,美國軟件開發師平均年薪$100,690,高于計算機行業的平均水準。而按2010年美國勞工統計局公布的數據,美國全行業平均年薪僅$33,840,計算機行業的平均年薪為$73,710,而該年度軟件開發師的薪水為$90,530。*(2) *(10)
就美國來說,軟件開發師未來職業崗位的增長速度較快。按美國勞工統計局的預測,未來十年(2014-2024)軟件開發師的崗位數預計增加186,600人(其中系統軟件工程師增加135,300人,應用軟件開發師增加51,300),預計增幅17%(其中系統軟件開發師增幅19%,應用軟件開發師增幅13%),達到1,300,600人(其中系統軟件開發師853,700人,應用軟件開發師447,000)。該職業增長預期高于美國全行業平均預期增幅(14%),以及計算機行業的預期增幅(22%)。*(5)
美國軟件開發師從業行業及薪水列表:
系統軟件開發師:
行業 | 行業英文名 | 從業人數 | 比例(‰) | 時新 | 年薪 |
計算機系統及其相關服務 | Computer Systems Design and Related Services | 125,250 | 7.84 | $49.65 | $103,280 |
軟件發行商 | Software Publishers | 26,630 | 9.38 | $50.46 | $104,960 |
導航、測量、電子醫療及控制儀器制造 | Navigational, Measuring, Electromedical, and Control Instruments Manufacturing | 22,950 | 5.67 | $51.12 | $106,330 |
電腦及其周邊設備制造業 | Computer and Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing | 20,030 | 12.77 | $51.33 | $106,760 |
建筑、工程及相關服務 | Architectural, Engineering, and Related Services | 17,840 | 1.37 | $50.13 | $104,270 |
應用軟件開發師:
行業 | 行業英文名 | 從業人數 | 比例(‰) | 時新 | 年薪 |
計算機系統及其相關服務 | Computer Systems Design and Related Services | 199,080 | 12.46 | $44.87 | $93,340 |
軟件發行商 | Software Publishers | 47,500 | 16.72 | $47.67 | $99,140 |
公司與企業管理 | Management of Companies and Enterprises | 31,730 | 1.58 | $43.56 | $90,600 |
保險公司 | Insurance Carriers | 22,810 | 1.97 | $42.24 | $87,850 |
管理、科學及技術咨詢 | Management, Scientific, and Technical Consulting Services | 21,550 | 1.96 | $44.47 | $92,490 |
*(2)
注:以上數據為2012年美國勞工統計局公布的數據。
2015年
- 系統軟件開發師
美國從業人數最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 82,370 | 5.32 | 1.88 | $60.85 | $126,560 |
Texas | 35,590 | 3.08 | 1.09 | $50.09 | $104,180 |
Virginia | 26,550 | 7.21 | 2.54 | $54.81 | $114,000.00 |
Massachusetts | 26,420 | 7.78 | 2.74 | $54.53 | $113,410 |
New York | 18,390 | 2.05 | 0.72 | $53.07 | $110,380.00 |
*(1)
美國產業最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Massachusetts | 26,420 | 7.78 | 2.74 | $54.53 | $113,410 |
Virginia | 26,550 | 7.21 | 2.54 | $54.81 | $114,000 |
Maryland | 15,430 | 5.94 | 2.1 | $57.19 | $118,950.00 |
California | 82,370 | 5.32 | 1.88 | $60.85 | $126,560 |
Colorado | 12,910 | 5.27 | 1.86 | $52.88 | $110,000.00 |
*(1)
美國從業人數最多都會區:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 27,260 | 26.94 | 9.51 | $68.73 | $142,950 |
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Division | 23,970 | 9.92 | 3.5 | $56.19 | $116,880 |
Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA NECTA Division | 17,970 | 10.2 | 3.6 | $55.19 | $114,780 |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 15,470 | 2.39 | 0.84 | $55.48 | $115,400 |
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division | 12,430 | 5.33 | 1.88 | $48.65 | $101,190 |
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA | 11,330 | 4.57 | 1.61 | $46.59 | $96,900 |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division | 10,790 | 2.63 | 0.93 | $55.75 | $115,960 |
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division | 10,490 | 6.83 | 2.41 | $55.99 | $116,460 |
San Francisco-Redwood City-South San Francisco, CA Metropolitan Division | 9,850 | 9.65 | 3.41 | $62.79 | $130,610 |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 8,770 | 2.99 | 1.06 | $51.09 | $106,270 |
*(1)
美國產業業最集中都會區:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 27,260 | 26.94 | 9.51 | $68.73 | $142,950 |
Framingham, MA NECTA Division | 3,830 | 22.2 | 7.84 | $52.39 | $108,960 |
Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division | 2,230 | 15.11 | 5.33 | $60.59 | $126,020 |
Huntsville, AL | 2,320 | 10.88 | 3.84 | $53.16 | $110,580 |
Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL | 2,060 | 10.48 | 3.7 | $47.78 | $99,390 |
Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA NECTA Division | 17,970 | 10.2 | 3.6 | $55.19 | $114,780 |
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Division | 23,970 | 9.92 | 3.5 | $56.19 | $116,880 |
San Francisco-Redwood City-South San Francisco, CA Metropolitan Division | 9,850 | 9.65 | 3.41 | $62.79 | $130,610 |
California-Lexington Park, MD | 410 | 9.35 | 3.3 | $50.37 | $104,760 |
Boulder, CO | 1,530 | 8.92 | 3.15 | $56.30 | $117,110 |
*(1)
- 應用軟件開發師
美國從業人數最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 123,950 | 8 | 1.48 | $59.57 | $123,900 |
Texas | 53,460 | 4.62 | 0.85 | $48.00 | $99,830 |
Washington | 49,980 | 16.75 | 3.09 | $57.90 | $120,430.00 |
New York | 46,470 | 5.17 | 0.95 | $53.14 | $110,530 |
New Jersey | 40,940 | 10.48 | 1.93 | $47.75 | $99,320.00 |
*(2)
美國產業最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Washington | 49,980 | 16.75 | 3.09 | $57.90 | $120,430 |
New Jersey | 40,940 | 10.48 | 1.93 | $47.75 | $99,320 |
Colorado | 23,610 | 9.63 | 1.78 | $50.22 | $104,450.00 |
Virginia | 35,060 | 9.52 | 1.76 | $50.88 | $105,830 |
Massachusetts | 28,630 | 8.43 | 1.55 | $52.61 | $109,430.00 |
*(2)
美國從業人數最多都會區:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 54,220 | 8.37 | 1.54 | $53.56 | $111,410 |
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division | 46,230 | 30.09 | 5.55 | $58.91 | $122,530 |
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 42,650 | 42.16 | 7.77 | $70.78 | $147,220 |
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Division | 28,230 | 11.68 | 2.15 | $53.12 | $110,480 |
San Francisco-Redwood City-South San Francisco, CA Metropolitan Division | 22,950 | 22.5 | 4.15 | $56.62 | $117,770 |
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA | 20,760 | 8.37 | 1.54 | $45.82 | $95,300 |
Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division | 20,550 | 5.75 | 1.06 | $44.00 | $91,530 |
Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA NECTA Division | 19,490 | 11.07 | 2.04 | $51.80 | $107,740 |
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division | 16,900 | 7.25 | 1.34 | $48.83 | $101,570 |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division | 15,220 | 3.71 | 0.68 | $53.07 | $110,380 |
*(2)
美國產業業最集中都會區:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 42,650 | 42.16 | 7.77 | $70.78 | $147,220 |
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division | 46,230 | 30.09 | 5.55 | $58.91 | $122,530 |
Framingham, MA NECTA Division | 4,400 | 25.52 | 4.71 | $49.86 | $103,710 |
Boulder, CO | 3,980 | 23.19 | 4.28 | $51.84 | $107,830 |
San Francisco-Redwood City-South San Francisco, CA Metropolitan Division | 22,950 | 22.5 | 4.15 | $56.62 | $117,770 |
Trenton, NJ | 4,210 | 18.95 | 3.49 | $49.69 | $103,360 |
Raleigh, NC | 7,920 | 14.04 | 2.59 | $46.58 | $96,880 |
Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division | 1,690 | 13.27 | 2.45 | $45.68 | $95,010 |
Huntsville, AL | 2,800 | 13.13 | 2.42 | $48.56 | $101,010 |
Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division | 1,910 | 12.93 | 2.38 | - | - |
*(2)
注:
(1) Location quotient :產業集中指數,其數值是該州該產業的從業人數的比重與全美平均水準的比值,大于1代表該州該職業每千人從業人數比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1則代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]
(2) 以上表均是2015年5月美國勞工統計局公布的數據。
2012年
美國從業人數最多州(前五):
系統軟件開發師:
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 80,130 | 5.60 | 1.86 | $55.50 | $115,440 |
Texas | 32,660 | 3.09 | 1.03 | $47.80 | $99,420 |
Virginia | 30,680 | 8.53 | 2.84 | $54.34 | $113,020 |
Massachusetts | 29,220 | 9.12 | 3.03 | $53.17 | $110,600 |
New York | 17,630 | 2.06 | 0.69 | $46.97 | $97,700 |
應用軟件開發師:
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 88,260 | 6.17 | 1.37 | $50.54 | $105,120 |
Texas | 41,530 | 3.93 | 0.87 | $44.73 | $93,030 |
Washington | 39,650 | 14.34 | 3.19 | $48.15 | $100,160 |
New York | 38,270 | 4.48 | 1.00 | $47.89 | $99,610 |
Virginia | 32,610 | 9.07 | 2.01 | $48.58 | $101,050 |
美國產業最集中州(前五):
系統軟件開發師:
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Massachusetts | 29,220 | 9.12 | 3.03 | $53.17 | $110,600 |
Virginia | 30,680 | 8.53 | 2.84 | $54.34 | $113,020 |
California | 80,130 | 5.60 | 1.86 | $55.50 | $115,440 |
Maryland | 13,250 | 5.28 | 1.76 | $52.39 | $108,970 |
Washington | 14,500 | 5.25 | 1.74 | $50.63 | $105,300 |
應用軟件開發師:
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Washington | 39,650 | 14.34 | 3.19 | $48.15 | $100,160 |
Colorado | 20,580 | 9.25 | 2.05 | $44.22 | $91,970 |
Virginia | 32,610 | 9.07 | 2.01 | $48.58 | $101,050 |
Massachusetts | 26,720 | 8.34 | 1.85 | $49.39 | $102,730 |
New Hampshire | 4,710 | 7.69 | 1.71 | $43.47 | $90,420 |
*(2)
注:
(1) Location quotient :產業集中指數,其數值是該州該產業的從業人數的比重與全美平均水準的比值,大于1代表該州該職業每千人從業人數比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1則代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]
(2) 以上兩表均是2012年5月美國勞工統計局公布的數據。
參考資料:
(1) 軟件開發師-2014USNEWS美國最佳職業 USNEWS
(2) Software Developers, Systems Software US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(3) Software Developers, Applications US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(4) Software Developers-Summary US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(5) Software Developers-Job Outlook US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(6) 計算機技術與軟件專業技術資格(水平)考試簡介 工業和信息化部教育與考試中心
(7) Software Developers- What Software Developers Do US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(8) Software Developers- Work Environment US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(9) Software Developers- How to Become a Software Developer US Bureau of Labor Statistics
(10) Software Developers-Pay US Bureau of Labor Statistics